1、1755年里斯本大地震（又名里斯本大地震），发生于1755年11月1日早上9时40分。这是人类史上其中一次破坏性最大和死伤人数最多的地震，死亡人数高达约六万至十万人，大地震后随之而来的火灾和海啸几乎将整个里斯本付之一炬，同时也令到葡萄牙的国力严重下降，殖民帝国从此衰落。现在的地质学家估计这次地震的规模达到里氏震级9级，震中位于圣维森特角之西南偏西方约200千米的大西洋中。它造成的影响首次被大范围地进行科学化的研究，标志著现代地震学的诞生。这次事件也被启蒙运动的哲学家广泛讨论，启发了神义论和崇高哲学的发展。
——维库词条：1755年里斯本大地震
2、1755年里斯本大地震—海啸是欧洲近现代历史上最具破坏力的一次地震，也是欧洲迄今为止直接遭遇的最大一次海啸。关于此次地震原因之争、葡萄牙在震后重建中采取的一系列举措，对政治、经济、思想、教育、文化、宗教等诸多社会历史方面均产生了重要影响，主要体现在削弱了宗教势力、加强了世俗权力和中央集权，促进了全国性抗灾机制的首建，对启蒙运动和地震学的发展等起了相当大的推动作用。
——孟庆龙、王旭东：自然启示录：1755年里斯本地震海啸对葡萄牙社会的冲击和影响，《史学理论研究》2005年第2期，96-106
3、直到今天，1755年底摧毁了非洲西北部与伊比利亚半岛大部分地区的地震与海震，仍然在“里斯本大地震”的标题下作为事件存在在欧洲与德国人的记忆中。这与许多对这一自然事件进行解释与评论的，随着逐渐扩大的时间距离也把它用作隐喻的文本有着密切的关系。但是这些文本不能解释，为什么这一事件在远离其发生地点的德语国家与地区会产生惊人的热烈反响。本文对当时的观察与解释模式的分析表明，除了家庭或商业关系以及当时流行的对恐怖事件的乐趣以外，更重要的是通过想象产生的经历的共同性，是它为该事件的广泛流传与深入解释提供了基础。“里斯本地震”被与各地的自然经历联系在一起，使当代人感到其现实性，随后，它成为许多“小”故事的固定组成部分，并且与它们一起流传下来。
——[德]克里斯提安娜·埃费尔特著，景德祥译：1755年里斯本大地震：论一场自然灾害的历史影响力，《史学理论研究》2005年第2期，107-117
4、THE GREAT LISBON EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 1 NOVEMBER 1755 [图文并茂，推荐]
5、伏尔泰的诗和卢梭的信：
Voltaire:
"Poem on the Lisbon Disaster,
or:An Examination of that Axiom
'All Is Well,"
1755
Oh,miserable mortals!Oh wretched earth!
Oh,dreadful assembly of all mankind!
Eternal sermon of useless sufferings!
Deluded philosophers who cry,"All is well,"
Hasten,contemplate these frightful ruins,
This wreck,these shreds,these wretched ashes of the dead;
These women and children heaped on one another,
These scattered members under broken marble;
One-hundred thousand unfortunates devoured by the earth
Who,bleeding,lacerated,and still alive,
Buried under their roofs without aid in their anguish,
End their sad days!
In answer to the half-formed cries of their dying voices,
At the frightful sight of their smoking ashes,
Will you say:"This is result of eternal laws
Directing the acts of a free and good God!"
Will you say,in seeing this mass of victims:
"God is revenged,their death is the price for their crimes?"
What crime,what error did these children,
Crushed and bloody on their mothers'breasts,commit?
Did Lisbon,which is no more,have more vices
Than London and Paris immersed in their pleasures?
Lisbon is destroyed,and they dance in Paris!
Rousseau's Letter to Voltaire Regarding the Poem on the Lisbon Earthquake,
August 18,1756
All my complaints are...against your poem on the Lisbon disaster,because I expected from it evidence more worthy of the humanity which apparently inspired you to write it.You reproach Alexander Pope and Leibnitz with belittling our misfortunes by affirming that all is well,but you so burden the list of our miseries that you further disparage our condition.Instead of the consolations that I expected,you only vex me.It might be said that you fear that I don't feel my unhappiness enough,and that you are trying to soothe me by proving that all is bad.
Do not be mistaken,Monsieur,it happens that everything is contrary to what you propose.This optimism which you find so cruel consoles me still in the same woes that you force on me as unbearable.Pope's poem alleviates my difficulties and inclines me to patience;yours makes my afflictions worse,prompts me to grumble,and,leading me beyond a shattered hope,reduces me to despair....
"Have patience,man,"Pope and Leibnitz tell me,"your woes are a necessary effect of your nature and of the constitution of the universe.The eternal and beneficent Being who governs the universe wished to protect you.Of all the possible plans,he chose that combining the minimum evil and the maximum good.If it is necessary to say the same thing more bluntly,God has done no better for mankind because(He)can do no better."
Now what does your poem tell me?"Suffer forever unfortunate one.If a God created you,He is doubtlessly all powerful and could have prevented all your woes.Don't ever hope that your woes will end,because you would never know why you exist,if it is not to suffer and die...."
I do not see how one can search for the source of moral evil anywhere but in man....Moreover...the majority of our physical misfortunes are also our work.Without leaving your Lisbon subject,concede,for example,that it was hardly nature that there brought together twenty-thousand houses of six or seven stories.If the residents of this large city had been more evenly dispersed and less densely housed,the losses would have been fewer or perhaps none at all.Everyone would have fled at the first shock.But many obstinately remained...to expose themselves to additional earth tremors because what they would have had to leave behind was worth more than what they could carry away.How many unfortunates perished in this disaster through the desire to fetch their clothing,papers,or money?...
There are often events that afflict us...that lose a lot of their horror when we examine them closely.I learned in Zadig,and nature daily confirms my lesson,that a rapid death is not always a true misfortune,and that it can sometimes be considered a relative blessing.Of the many persons crushed under Lisbon's ruins,some without doubt escaped greater misfortunes,and...it is not certain that a single one of these unfortunates suffered more than if,in the normal course of events,he had awaited[a more normal]death to overtake him after long agonies.Was death[in the ruins]a sadder end than that of a dying person overburdened with useless treatments,whose notary and heirs do not allow him a respite,whom the doctors kill in his own bed at their leisure,and whom the barbarous priests artfully try to make relish death?For me,I see everywhere that the misfortunes nature imposes upon us are less cruel than those which we add to them....
I cannot prevent myself,Monsieur,from noting...a strange contrast between you and me as regards the subject of this letter.Satiated with glory...you live free in the midst of affluence.Certain of your immortality,you peacefully philosophize on the nature of the soul,and,if your body or heart suffer,you have Tronchin as doctor and friend.You however find only evil on earth.And I,an obscure and poor man tormented with an incurable illness,meditate with pleasure in my seclusion and find that all is well.What is the source of this apparent contradiction?You explained it yourself:you revel but I hope,and hope beautifies everything.
...I have suffered too much in this life not to look forward to another.No metaphysical subtleties cause me to doubt a time of immortality for the soul and a beneficent providence.I sense it,I believe it,I wish it,I hope for it,I will uphold it until my last gasp....
I am,with respect,Monsieur,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
6、于木：里斯本大地震和启蒙运动中的欧洲
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，因为我已经把这个程序发挥到了最佳状态：![独立·葵花·电影[1024*768]](http://www.sunflowerfilm.net/images/mysite.jpg "独立·葵花·电影[1024*768]")
